Here are some terms I thought were interesting. I found most of the definitions via wikipedia.
Anomia: A problem with word finding. Impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words.
In "The Case of Anna H." who had anomia, the neurologist/writer Oliver Sacks noted that: "When I showed her some kitchen matches, she recognized them at once, visually, but could not say the word 'match,' saying instead, 'That is to make fire.'"
Dysphasia: is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of speech and of comprehension of speech. It is caused by brain damage, usually in the left side of the brain which is responsible for language and communication. The word comes from the Greek dys- (impairment) and phasia (φασια) (speech).
Broca's Aphasia: Aphasia is defined by Websters Dictionary as a "loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from brain damage."
In most people the Broca's area is in the lower part of the left frontal lobe. It is one of the main language areas in the cerebral cortex because it controls the motor aspects of speech. Persons with a Broca aphasia can usually understand what words mean, but have trouble performing the motor or output aspects of speech. Thus, other names for this disorder are 'expressive' and 'motor' aphasia. Depending on the severity of the lesion to Broca's area, the symptoms can range from the mildest type (cortical dysarthria) with intact comprehension and the ability to communicate through writing to a complete loss of speaking out loud.
Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke’s aphasia - is a type of aphasia often (but not always) caused by neurological damage to Wernicke’s area in the brain (Brodman area 22, in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere)...If Wernicke’s area is damaged in the non-dominant hemisphere, the syndrome resulting will be sensory dysprosody - the lack of ability to perceive the pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone of speech...Speech is preserved, but language content is incorrect. This may vary from the insertion of a few incorrect or nonexistent words to a profuse outpouring of jargon.
